One of the direct reasons for the French Revolution of 1789 was the high price of Bread and its scarcity.

Bread is considered an essential food and from it comes the term "Bread Winner" (a person who earns  money and supports his family). In the Bible it is referred to as The "Staff of Life" and its importance dates back to the Ancient Egyptians and Romans.

The importance of bread is also stressed in the last supper of Christ when he broke a piece of bread and passed it amongst his disciples – the broken bread symbolic of his body that was to be broken on the cross.   

Bread cost and availability has been a factor in most revolutions and social upheavals. In Egypt in 2011 in Tahrir Square along with pictures of Nasser bread  was raised as a symbol of their demand for equality and the right to live above the poverty line. It is almost as if bread defines the  needs of humanity. It defines societies division into classes.

In Syria bread is a main food component due to its low cost. It is eaten with every meal ( bread is hardly ever thrown away even dried bread is put to use) Bakers use a particular kind of flour which has protein added to it. The loaves are big- more than twice the size of pitta bread available in Western supermarkets. These loaves are then baked with incredibly high heat. The result is delicious tasting  cheap bread. It is to be noted that a common complaint amongst refugees was their inability to get used to non Syrian bread.

 Building numerous bakeries was one of the earlier steps that was taken by late President Hafez Al Assad. In Syria bread availability is a measure of the stability of the country. This has been so historically and is true up till now.

In 2011, when the war started in Syria, terrorist attacked and destroyed many government institutions including bakeries. In Adra a province of Damascus a painful incident happened-  one that will remain in the memories of people for a long time. Terrorists attacked the local bakery there and in a scene taken out of the fairytale Hansel and Gretel and the witch the workers of the bakery were thrown in the oven and left there to roast to death. The aim, was for bakeries to close, for bread to become scarce and for hunger to arrive at the doorsteps of Syrians.

This happened up to a point in Gouta and other places. Fear and repression imposed by terrorists on the locals resulted in bakeries being closed and bread if available, was available on the black market.    

It was a ploy used by terrorists in that area to push the people to the very edge of the precipice where jumping over the edge would be easier than living on the edge.

The Syrian government was well aware of what was happening  and tried to overcome this problem and they succeeded partly. It should be noted at this point that Syrian bread is incredibly cheap. Ten loaves cost fifty Syrian liras the equivalent of ten cents- one tenth of a dollar. The reason is that the government heavily subsidizes bread in that it subsidizes flour and it subsidizes the fuel used to work the ovens. Had the government not heavily subsidized bread the ten loaves  would have cost approximately 350 Syrian liras that is the equivalent to 70 cents- still cheap by world standards but difficult for a certain class of Syrians. To overcome the problem of the siege imposed by armed groups on certain areas the government decided to continue to allow subsidized flour and subsidized fuel to enter to these areas. Government bakeries were of course shut down by terrorists, but private bakeries (all with a government license) still operated -hence the irony- the very same terrorists who shut down government bakeries now ate from private owned bakeries bread subsidized by the government.

However sometimes the subsidies never reached those terrorist besieged areas, for the flour and fuel were stolen by  terrorists and sold for exorbitant prices. Civilians became gaunt while the terrorists grew in size looking beefy as is obvious in all film material that shows them. It was these discontented civilians that played a role in ousting the terrorists who had hungered them.

During the crisis that started in 2011 the government had to ration many items but bread was never one of them. On the contrary more bakeries were opened and additional shifts were introduced so that bakeries stayed open more hours. Up till today Syria remains one of the cheapest countries in the world when it comes to the price of bread – and so reinforcing support from local populations.

And so bread a symbol of the word of God, of fecundity and normality was rarely absent from a Syria torn by a war, carried out on it, by Takfiri terrorists. 

Reem Haddad

Editor in Chief

The game of destructive chaos in the region is the only policy pursued by the United States for years in the belief that it serves its interests without realizing that this policy which it calls "creative", undermines security and stability in the region and the world, as well as the US's interests.

Today, this unproductive policy dips into the depths of the maze that has placed itself in the neck of its glass. In the case of the Arab-Israeli conflict, this policy tries to impose alternative means of settlement away from the establishment of an independent Palestinian state, away from the two-state solution and the restoration of the rights of the Palestinian people, the first of which is the right of return.

As if the case in Washington is a business deal and not rights of an oppressed people. The US struggled at the Bahrain conference and then at the Bahrain workshop to accomplish what it calls the “deal of the century”, or in a clear sense the liquidation of the Palestinian cause and putting the poisons of American economy into the honey of the so-called peace. The same applies to its escalating policy in the Arab Gulf to ignite new wars that generate thousands of billions of dollars from the vast open-monarchies treasury.

In Syria, Washington is pursuing its destructive colonialist approach under the pretext of fighting the alleged terrorism and maintaining the security of its tools on the Syrian territory as (Qasad)militia that has committed the worst crimes against civilians returning from Baguoz after being destroyed by the American coalition under the pretext of bombing the extremists (Da'ish).

Washington is doing every conceivable effort to calm down the Israeli entity over its alleged security trying to legitimize its settlements and whitewash its occupation of the Arab territories, once by facilitating its direct aggression and once by granting it the alleged sovereignty over the occupied Golan and Jerusalem. The US exercises all this aggression without realizing that the peoples’ will of the region is stronger than all its arrogance.

The "deal of the century" has showed the real size of Washington, just a tool in the hands of the Zionist lobby, seeking to recruit billions to impose a "political solution" on the size of the Zionist entity. Both Trump and Netanyahu will give nothing to the Palestinian people and their bloody history and illegitimate settlement are present, recalling the occupation of Jerusalem, ignoring international laws and agreements, and the Zionist entity's persistence in building settlements. The main objective is to swallow Palestine, erase its borders from the map, expel its people and end the file of the right of return for all Palestinians.

The current international developments against a background of the fires ignited by the policy of American arrogance indicate that many of the adverse results will return to the Trump administration whose poles are floundering between escalation once, reducing tension and begging dialogue and negotiation at other times to contain the accumulation of failures in the face of a lot of files and international issues that Washington wanted to rotate the corners in the direction that serves the agenda of domination that it wants to impose on the world.

With this American failure, the Trump administration is now making every effort to please the American interior ahead of the upcoming presidential election bazaar. Despite the counterproductive results of the Bahrain Workshop and the clear message that the policy of dictation, threats and intimidation, the "deal of the century "will not be translated into reality, even if the Arabs drowned to their ears in free normalization projects with the Zionist enemy.

Even though Trump, who implicitly admitted to the failure of the conspiracy of the era before disclosing its political side, continues striking the chord of illusion, and he himself wishes the implementation of the "deal of the century" in his presidential term, or it will never get because the wills of the axis resistance countries are much stronger than the military arsenals of Trump, and the bluster of the Arab- Zionists.

Sharif Al -Khatib
Editor-in-Chief
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The Israeli entity reiterates its ruthlessness and aggression against Syria whenever it feels that the terrorist organizations that it trained and funded in cooperation with the United States and the colonial West are on the verge of being defeated. The more they feel that the destructive chaos that they spread is going to fall, the more Washington is in harmony with this aggressive entity and continues to support separatist militias and extremist organizations In Syria for the same purpose.

The two sides continue to create the pretexts of aggression, especially after the failure of the Bahrain workshop to achieve its goals of passing the sin of the century, which aims to liquidate the Palestinian cause under the cloak of development, peace and prosperity.

Not only did Trump's aggressive administration attempt to legitimize the Israeli occupation of the Syrian Arab Golan through its decision, the recognition of the so-called Israeli sovereignty over the occupied Syrian Golan, but also encouraged the usurper to build more illegal settlements over its territory and build air fans to serve the settlers and applauded him when he attacked Syria under the pretext of the security of the racist entity.

The American failure in the Syrian scene, and even the whole region, prompted Washington to devise more aggressive policies that it believes serve its interests, such as declaring its intention to form a so-called maritime alliance comprising the Israeli entity and some oil monarchies seeking to free normalization with the latter. It is as if the idea of the Arab-Israel "NATO" does not want to leave the imagination of the neo-conservative in Washington.

From the alleged NATO, which did not see the light, to the new naval alliance through the policies of supporting terrorism and covering up the crimes of "Da'ish", "Qasad" and 'al -Nusra" and ending with the attempt to ignite the Arab Gulf with a new war that burns the green and the dry , the American strategy is reeling on the ropes of tricks, arrogance, lies and deceit and all kinds of misleading to achieve some of their suspicious agendas thanks to the steadfastness of the Syrians and the peoples of the entire resistance region.

In the north of Syria, the scene is clearer. The more Idlib's liberation becomes closer, the greater the level of insomnia and anxiety at the terrorist system increases. The Turkish regime is trying to divert the Syrian Arab Army's victories from its occupation by dealing with humanitarian situations. Washington is also repeating false accusations against the Syrian state under weak excuses and continuing to support the militias of the forces of separatism, whereas the sponsors of terrorism don't realize that the Syrians will fold the pages of terrorism and the agendas of their operators, no matter how much it costs them.

Sharif Al -Khatib
Editor-in-Chief
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The US president does not act or take his decisions in vain or by accident or mood. The truth is that President Trump stems from a political philosophy he believes in and seeks to devote it as an approach in America's handling of the international system and based on two fundamental principles: management by chaos, management by surplus of capital strength and military power.

Perhaps what prompted President Trump to choose that approach and philosophy is the international situation that, over the past ten years, represented in the rise of military, economic and political forces that compete with the United States which believed that it became the world's undisputed leader after the fall of the former Soviet Union and the collapse of the socialist system and what followed that of ideological prelude to the theorists of neo-conservatives and globalization as an economic and cultural context, whether Leo Strauss or Samuel Huntington to Francis Foucault Yama, who closed the history of the American model that must be pursued because it, as he claimed, is the ideal picture of human evolution and the roof of knowledge and freedom.

The United States launched two costly wars in Afghanistan and Iraq accompanied with a trend of unprecedented domination and authority on the international scene and its organizations whether the Security Council or other institutions.After that, forces rejecting the idea of hegemony emerged as a reaction to this trend calling for partnership in the leadership of the world based on the sharing of benefits and balance in international relations and respect for the sovereignty of States and the implementation of the Charter of the United Nations to be the decisive criterion. In parallel with those calls that found a good echo at the international level rose the star of the People's Republic of China as an effective economic force and Russia as a military and economic force seeking to restore their roles in the international scene. Other regional and international forces with their economic, political and military weight, such as India, Brazil, South Africa and Iran have also emerged causing a political headache for the American, who thought he had grabbed the international game.

Those forces began to face the American in more than one arena, whether the Security Council or other organizations in addition to the hotbeds of military conflict in various forms and the American suffers defeats or prevent him from the achievement of successes he hoped. Perhaps the second term of the former President Barack Obama was the most expressive image of this situation that made the neo-conservative trend rooted in the American institutions describing him as the weak and hesitant one who lost Uncle Sam's prestige.

In those climates, President Donald Trump, the businessman, came to the White House adopting a popular speech on the one hand and arrogant on the other. He gathered a wide audience both on the street level,  and cartels in addition to his tickling of the feelings of the Jewish lobby,permeating in the joints of American life.Trump started his constitutional mandate with a speech about America,crying on the lost position and prestige of America due to the former weak President, Obama, and his administration, pledging to restore America's dominant role in the world through the surplus of the financial and military powers, in violation of all international conventions and the international organizations and paying no attention to the American sovereign institutions, including the US Congress, the Pentagon, the CIA, and the media, which he considered hostile to him and his policies, so we saw him turning his back to them all adopting Twitter diplomacy and ignoring all the other traditional media.

We can conclude that we are facing an unprecedented situation in the White House and that we are facing a president who does not care about international institutions, their commitments and charters, nor America's obligations as a state. The proof of this is what happened in the nuclear agreement with Iran and the recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of the Zionist entity and last but not least his recognition of the so-called Israeli sovereignty over the occupied Syrian Golan.

In all that has been mentioned, it contravenes international laws, the Charter of the United Nations and international legitimacy, which means that president Trump has his own agenda to establish two fundamental issues in international relations: the power of arms and the strength of money, rather than international law, international institutions and the principle of sovereignty, because he is convinced that America no longer controls the Security Council and its resolutions or other organizations emanating from the United Nations, so the US has to exercise its economic and military power to control the world or seize it by the threat of military or financial power and its fuel is the US dollar the old new weapon.

Trump, coming from the business and financial circles, sees in America an economic company and a security institution for protection for money and its strength and continued influence call for its declaration (Black water) and dealing with it according to that image and model and perhaps the Arab Gulf countries are the first that took it for granted, by giving bountifully billions of dollars to him in a visit to the gulf a year ago and what followed that of forms of financial blackmail and political bullying expressed in more than one position. Perhaps Trump's policy of force will cause him the complex of Thiazides, which means the sense of surplus power, that consequently leads to destruction, as happened earlier between Athens and Sparta, and recently Germany and the allies, and later Iraq and Kuwait. The excess of power that was wrongly used in the three examples destroyed who employed it and devastated those countries. Does Trump learn the lesson?

Sharif Al -Khatib
Editor-in-Chief
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A state of an unprecedented hysteria hit the administration of Donald Trump today, and the arrows of its arrogance flying towards everywhere that broke the prestige of the United States… The moment that Syria, which is determined to complete the liberation of all its lands from the abomination of terrorism and its supporters, is resisting the biggest share of these arrows that increase with the return of the aggression system to play again on the chord of the threat and intimidation, to save the remaining terrorist organizations in the area of reducing escalation. Whereas the recipe of " the chemical weapons " and its operational tools are ready to be applied by French, Belgians and Moroccan experts and other mercenaries, before the trio of American, French and British terrorism sets its watch on Trump's timer, until the time of pressure and blackmail runs out to block the progress of the Syrian Arab Army in its war against the terrorists of "al -Nusra" and those who rally under their banner.

Trump's administration removed the political solution from the dictionary of its agenda prepared for Syria. It prefers to preserve its terrorist organizations to perpetuate its occupation. Here the role of its executive tools appears, such as the Erdogan regime, the main guarantor of terrorists. In the area of escalation reduction, the field data revealed today that Erdogan is the exclusive American agent who directs the terrorist war in that region with its terrorist tools, starting with the mercenaries of "al -Nusra", not ending with the so-called "Euphrates Shield."

 According to the information received, the terrorists are equipped with the latest Turkish weapons from missiles, vehicles and armors, and take orders from the operations rooms created by Erdogan's officers for this purpose. This proves that Erdogan has never been willing to contribute to finding a political solution to the crisis, but to working under the American administration to prolong it. The previous 'Astana' tours were only time-consuming stations for the Turkish regime, all of which were used to restore the ranks of the terrorist originations and strengthen their redeployment in the rural areas of Idlib and Hama instead of working on the withdrawal of terrorists and their weapons as previously agreed upon in Sochi.

The US is putting the entire region on a hot plate and mobilizing against Syria and Iran and the entire axis of resistance, but that does not mean that it will be the winner, because today it is, with the poles of the aggression, captive to the reality of the equations imposed by the resistance forces. The threat of the lie of the "the chemical weapons" will not deter the Syrian state from continuing its war against terrorism until it is uprooted and all fleets, aircraft carriers and soldiers who were brought to the Gulf will not subjugate Iran.

 The United States knows this well, contrary to some Arabs who hurry behind the imposition of the "deal of the century", in its economic, political and military cover, and those who are unable to read the changes that have taken place. They do not want to believe that the Trump's parade in the Gulf is only to complete the depletion of its "milky cow" under the protection of the dilapidated monarchies, in exchange for generous payment, until the end of Trump's presidential mission.

The American fanfare to militarize the situation in the region and the world is nothing more than a door to the sale of accumulated American weapons and the attempt to establish the US hegemony of the collapse of the unilateral polarity against the rise of other powers such as Russia, China, India, Iran and others. The American uproar has not yet succeeded in Venezuela or the DPRK or in the trade war against China, so the time of beating the drums of the American war will always remain in the Trump's refrigerator, his profits from blackmailing in the region are a thousand times better than losing one soldier on the battlefield, or destroying one warship.

Sharif Al -Khatib

Editor-in-Chief

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